Peptide Research
How peptides work, why protocols are structured the way they are, and what to expect — organized by topic.
Featured
Are Peptides Legal in the US?
Peptide legality in the United States depends on FDA approval, prescribing, compounding, research-only sales, and sports rules. Each category has different limits.
SS-31 + MOTS-c Protocol: Mito Peptide Stack with NAD+
How SS-31 and MOTS-c work together with NAD+ to support cellular energy, metabolic flexibility, GLP-1 fatigue, and recovery. Explore primary research on the full protocol, dosing details, side-effects — with a detailed evidence breakdown and mechanistic underpinnings.
Read guideOral GLP-1 Weight-Loss Medications
Oral semaglutide and orforglipron are approved oral GLP-1 options for weight loss. Compare efficacy, side effects, dosing rules, and practical fit.
Read guidePinealon for Neuroprotection
Pinealon, or EDR, is a short peptide studied for neuron protection and cognitive aging. Most evidence comes from small studies with limited independent replication.
Read guideRetatrutide + NAD+ Protocol for Energy Support During Fat Loss
Retatrutide raises fat-oxidation demand. NAD+ supports beta-oxidation, energy stability, and fatigue resilience. PeptideFox research breaks down the evidence with a full protocol guide.
Read guideProtocols
BPC-157 + TB-500The Wolverine Stack for Injuries
How to combine BPC-157 and TB-500 for injury recovery. Dosing, weekly schedule, cycle length, and what to expect as you heal.
Read guideInjury Recovery ProtocolBuild the Right Peptide Stack
Peptide protocol for injury recovery — built on BPC-157 + TB-500 + NAD+, with situational additions for tendon, joint, shoulder, disc, nerve, and post-surgical injuries.
Read guideImmune Peptide ProtocolTA1, KPV, NAD+ & More
Peptides for immune support work best as a phased protocol — NAD+, Selank, glutathione, KPV, thymosin alpha-1, and thymulin sequenced with dose and safety data.
Read guideCircadian Reset ProtocolVIP, DSIP, Pinealon & Epitalon
How to reset circadian rhythm with behavioral anchors, DSIP, Selank, VIP, optional Pinealon, and pineal-restoration courses when indicated. Diagnostic framework, timing map, and evidence.
Read guideRetatrutide + NAD+Critical Support Layer for GLP-1s
Retatrutide raises fat-oxidation demand. NAD+ supports beta-oxidation, energy stability, and fatigue resilience. PeptideFox research breaks down the evidence with a full protocol guide.
Read guideRetatrutide: Advanced StackDual-Axis Protocol to Protect Lean Mass
Build muscle and lose fat — at the same time. Original research by PeptideFox for an advanced retatrutide body recomposition stack with MOTS-c and Tesamorelin along with NAD+ to support fat oxidation, training output, and lean-mass preservation.
Read guideNAD+ and MOTS-c for EnergyThe Two-Compound Mito Stack
The NAD+ and MOTS-c stack supports the cellular adaptation loop that metabolic stress, GLP-1 use, and age can strain. PeptideFox research breaks down the evidence with a full dosing protocol and 12-week timeline.
Read guideSS-31, MOTS-c, & NAD+The Peptide Stack for Youthful Energy
How SS-31 and MOTS-c work together with NAD+ to support cellular energy, metabolic flexibility, GLP-1 fatigue, and recovery. Explore primary research on the full protocol, dosing details, side-effects — with a detailed evidence breakdown and mechanistic underpinnings.
Read guideGLP-1s
Compound Guides
SemaglutideOzempicWegovy
Semaglutide is the GLP-1 drug sold as Ozempic and Wegovy. Trial data show how dose and titration affect weight loss, blood sugar, side effects, and maintenance.
Read guideTirzepatideMounjaroZepbound
Tirzepatide activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors and is sold as Mounjaro and Zepbound. Trials show its effects on weight, blood sugar, side effects, and maintenance.
Read guideRetatrutideTriple-Agonist GLP-1
Retatrutide is an investigational triple agonist that produced large weight-loss and liver-fat reductions in trials. Dosing, side effects, and long-term use remain under study.
Read guideDeep Dives
Retatrutide Side EffectsDose, Titration, and Phenotype
Retatrutide side effects rise with dose and often cluster around titration. Phase 2 and Phase 3 data cover gastrointestinal symptoms, skin sensitivity, heart rate, and serious events.
Read guideRetatrutide vs TirzepatideSame Receptors, Different Drug
Retatrutide and tirzepatide differ in receptor activity, trial status, appetite effects, liver-fat data, and side effects. No direct head-to-head trial exists.
Read guideGLP-1 FatigueWhy It Happens and What Helps
Fatigue during GLP-1 treatment can come from a steep calorie deficit, dehydration, low protein intake, or dose escalation. The pattern points to the most likely cause.
Read guideGLP-1s and Cholesterol
Semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide can lower triglycerides and liver fat, but their effects on LDL and HDL differ. Trial data show where each drug helps.
Read guideOral GLP-1 OptionsWegovy PillOrforglipron
Oral semaglutide and orforglipron are approved oral GLP-1 options for weight loss. Compare efficacy, side effects, dosing rules, and practical fit.
Read guideSupport Stacks for GLP-1sPreserving Lean Mass
Weight loss from semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide includes some lean mass. Trial data and practical measures clarify how to protect muscle and strength.
Read guideProtocols
Retatrutide + NAD+Critical Support Layer for GLP-1s
Retatrutide raises fat-oxidation demand. NAD+ supports beta-oxidation, energy stability, and fatigue resilience. PeptideFox research breaks down the evidence with a full protocol guide.
Read guideNAD+ and MOTS-c for EnergyThe Two-Compound Mito Stack
The NAD+ and MOTS-c stack supports the cellular adaptation loop that metabolic stress, GLP-1 use, and age can strain. PeptideFox research breaks down the evidence with a full dosing protocol and 12-week timeline.
Read guideRetatrutide: Advanced StackDual-Axis Protocol to Protect Lean Mass
Build muscle and lose fat — at the same time. Original research by PeptideFox for an advanced retatrutide body recomposition stack with MOTS-c and Tesamorelin along with NAD+ to support fat oxidation, training output, and lean-mass preservation.
Read guidePeptides
Articles
Are Peptides Legal?Regulatory Economics Explained
Peptide legality in the United States depends on FDA approval, prescribing, compounding, research-only sales, and sports rules. Each category has different limits.
Read guideHow to Stack PeptidesThe Complete Guide
A useful peptide stack starts with the limiting problem: appetite, lean mass, injury repair, mitochondrial energy, skin, growth hormone, or immune support.
Read guideWhere to Inject PeptidesCompound-Level Breakdown
Injection site depends on the compound, route, and treatment goal. Compare abdominal, thigh, arm, local, intramuscular, and nasal use across common peptides and blends.
Read guideGH Releasing PeptidesSecretagogue Comparison
Compare growth hormone secretagogues by clinical use, hormone-release pattern, evidence, side effects, regulatory status, and studied dosing.
Read guideAnti-Aging
NAD+Injections & IV Therapy
NAD+ supports cellular energy and repair, but delivery routes are not interchangeable. IV therapy, injections, NR, and NMN differ in absorption, evidence, and dosing.
Read guideSS-31Elamipretide
SS-31, or elamipretide, targets damaged mitochondrial membranes and is FDA-approved for Barth syndrome. Other energy and longevity uses remain investigational.
Read guideGHK-CuCopper Peptide
GHK-Cu is a copper-binding peptide studied for skin repair, collagen production, scars, and hair growth. Topical evidence is stronger than claims made for injectable use.
Read guideGLOW vs. KLOWWhich Peptide Blend Fits Your Skin
GLOW and KLOW share GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-4. KLOW adds KPV. Compare the two peptide blends by composition, mechanism, and best-fit skin goals.
Read guideEpitalonTelomerase Activator
Epitalon is a short peptide studied for telomerase activity, sleep, and age-related outcomes. Much of the human evidence comes from older Russian studies with important limits.
Read guidePinealonNeuroprotective Peptide
Pinealon, or EDR, is a short peptide studied for neuron protection and cognitive aging. Most evidence comes from small studies with limited independent replication.
Read guideMetabolic / GH
MOTS-cMitochondrial Peptide
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial peptide studied for metabolic adaptation and exercise response. Research protocols cover dosing, reconstitution, timing, and stacking with SS-31 and NAD+.
Read guideAOD-9604Fat Loss Fragment
AOD-9604 is a growth hormone fragment studied for fat loss. Human obesity trials were disappointing, and current use rests on limited evidence rather than an approved indication.
Read guideTesamorelinGHRH Analog
Tesamorelin is FDA-approved to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Trials define its growth hormone effects, side effects, and monitoring.
Read guideSermorelinPioneer GH Peptide
Sermorelin stimulates the pituitary to release growth hormone. It was FDA-approved in 1997 and withdrawn in 2008 for commercial reasons, not a newly identified safety problem.
Read guideIpamorelinCleaner GH Pulse
Ipamorelin stimulates a short growth hormone pulse with less hunger, cortisol, ACTH, and prolactin release than older GHRPs. Evidence and studied timing define its likely role.
Read guideHealing & Tissue Repair
BPC-157Body Protection Compound
BPC-157 and Pentadeca Arginate are related repair compounds, but the arginate salt changes stability rather than creating a new mechanism. The human record is uncontrolled apart from one controlled trial too small to read.
Read guideTB-500Thymosin Beta-4 frag 17-23
TB-500 is a synthetic fragment associated with thymosin beta-4 research on cell migration and tissue repair. Human evidence for gray-market TB-500 protocols remains limited.
Read guideARA-290Cibinetide
ARA-290, also called cibinetide, is an EPO-derived peptide studied for nerve pain and tissue repair. Human trials show where symptoms improved and where evidence remains limited.
Read guideImmune
Thymosin Alpha-1Immune Re-Education
Thymosin alpha-1, also called thymalfasin, changes immune signaling without broadly suppressing it. Clinical evidence varies by infection, cancer, and immune-related use.
Read guideKPVAnti-Inflammatory Tripeptide
KPV is a three-amino-acid peptide studied for inflammatory signaling in the gut, skin, mast cells, and brain-injury models. Human clinical evidence is still missing.
Read guideVIPImmune Tolerance Orchestrator
Vasoactive intestinal peptide, or VIP, affects immune balance, gut barrier function, blood flow, and circadian rhythm. Evidence depends on the condition and delivery route.
Read guideCognitive
SemaxNeuroprotection & Cognitive Restoration
Semax is an experimental peptide studied for cognition and recovery after neurological injury. Nasal and injectable dosing differ; N-acetyl Semax and Adamax have separate sections.
Read guideSelankCalming Anxiety Without Sedation
Selank is an experimental peptide studied for anxiety without the sedation or dependence associated with some conventional drugs. Evidence is concentrated in Russian research.
Read guideOther
MelanotanMT-I vs MT-II Pharmacology
Melanotan I and Melanotan II differ in receptor selectivity, approved-drug history, sexual effects, and safety concerns. Neither is FDA-approved as a tanning drug.
Read guideDSIPSleep Architecture Peptide
DSIP is an experimental peptide studied for sleep structure, stress signaling, and circadian regulation. Human findings are mixed, and no standard clinical dosing protocol exists.
Read guideGuides
How to Reconstitute PeptidesStep-by-Step Visual Guide
Reconstituting peptides, step-by-step: preparation, mixing peptide powder with bacteriostatic (BAC) water, common mistakes to avoid, and storage instructions for reconstituted peptide vials. Plus, guidance on the right type of bacteriostatic water to reduce injection site reactions and irritation.
Read guideSupport Stacks for GLP-1sPreserving Lean Mass
Weight loss from semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide includes some lean mass. Trial data and practical measures clarify how to protect muscle and strength.
Read guideHow to Stack PeptidesThe Complete Guide
A useful peptide stack starts with the limiting problem: appetite, lean mass, injury repair, mitochondrial energy, skin, growth hormone, or immune support.
Read guide